Economic, Social And Political Economy Essay

IntroductionIn 1920, the independent kingdom of Korea was forcibly annexed to Japan, it lasted until the end of the second World War. After World War II, the United States (US) decided to drive the southern half of Korea to pr howevert the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from taking control of the entire peninsula. USSR was helping northmost Koreas fight against the Japanese forces. The US divided Korea at the 38th parallel to keep Seoul within the American-occupied argona. USSR did not oppose the division. (Korean War, 2006)Both the USSR and the United States started to organize the governments in their half of Korea. When they did so, the semipolitical factions that used to be united against Japan started to emerge again. These factions represent the left-wing and right-wing views. The left-wing wanted an overhaul of Koreas reach ownership laws, which unduly favored rich landowners. And the right wing vehemently refused the reform. (Korean War, 2006)From 1945 to1948, the US suppressed the widespread leftist movement and backed Syngman Rhee. Rhee had lived for decades in the United States and has a square anti-commie credentials. He was also popular with the right. (Korean War, 2006)The USSR, on the early(a) hand, supported the left and Kim Il Sung. Kim II Sung received support from northwest Koreans and china. Kim fought with Chinese Communist forces against the Japanese in Manchuria in the 1930s. Kim forced a radical redistri exception of land when he for the first time came into power. By the end of 1946 the regimes of both atomic number 7 and South Korea were in beam. The division of Korea was formalized until 1948. The South established the Republic of Korea while the North established the Peoples Republic of Korea. (Korean War, 2006)The regime was barely in position South Korea when it had to contend with a rebellion in the south from the left-wing, particularly in its southernmost province. North Korea supported the rebellion. It was South Korea that first provoked North Korea into a war, but and Kim II Sung was departing to fight the war, too, with the help of USSR and China. In 1949, engagement in the 38th parallel broke out betwixt the North and the South. In 1950, the army of North Korea crossed the dividing edge. The Korean War reached its height from 1950 to 1953. In 1953, a cease fire accord was signed. It ended the fighting but the Korean peninsula remained divided. (Korean War, 2006)The Korean War was considered as one of the most destructive of the 20th century. There was an estimated death of 2.4 to 4 million Korean, mostly civilians. The other countries who supporter either side also experienced casualties. China, who supported the North, lost almost 1 million soldiers. The US, who sided with the South, lost a little more than 36 thousands. The economic and social damage to the Korea Peninsula was incalculable. In the North Korea, the three years of bombing destroyed most of the modern buil ds. (Korean War, 2006)Because of the Korean War, the US and Japanese miserliness received a much needed boost after World War II. Japan became the source of materials for the war. Meanwhile, defense spending in the US more or less quadrupled in the last half of 1950. (Korean War, 2006)The North Korean Economy after the War Because North Korea endured 3 years of US bombing, a new chapiter had to be rebuilt after the war in North Korea. By 1960, the discipline and forced-labor policies of the Kim II Sungs regime resulted in recovery and development. The general measuring of living of the people remained low. There was an emphasis to heavy industrial growth but not production of economic goods. (North Korea, 2006)In 1995, there was a comprehensive food crisis. In 1996, it became a widespread famine. USSR and China withdrawal of its food subsidies, the governments agricultural policies, and a series of floods and droughts are factors that contributed to the food crisis. worldwide humanitarian relief agencies provided food concern and other relief efforts. In 1998, an estimated 1 million people had died of starvation and famine-related illnesses. The food crisis continued into the early 2000s. (North Korea, 2006)The Juche imageJuche is the official state ideology of North Korea. It is also the basis for its political system. Juche literally means main body or subject. In North Korean sources, it had been translated as independent stand and the spirit of self-reliance. The core principle of the Juche ideology has been that man is the master of everything and decides everything. (Juche, 2006, para. 1)It was Kim Il-sung which advanced Juche as a guideword in speech titled On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing Juche in Ideological Work. It was made in rejection of the policy of de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union. It became a systematic ideological doctrine in the 1960s. Kim Il-sung outlined the three fundamental principles which are as foll ows (1) independence in politics, (2) self-sustenance in the miserliness, and (3) self-defense in national defense. (Juche, 2006, para. 2)In 1982, Kim Jong-il authored a document titled On the Juche Idea. An article in Wikipedia saidAccording to Kim Jong-ils On the Juche Idea, the application of Juche in state policy entails the following 1) The people moldiness have independence (chajusong) in thought and politics, economic self-sufficiency, and self-reliance in defense 2) Policy must reflect the will and aspirations of the masses and employ them fully in revolution and construction 3) Methods of revolution and construction must be suitable to the situation of the coarse and 4) The most important work of revolution and construction is molding people ideologically as communists and mobilizing them to constructive action. (Juche, 2006, para. 3)One of the first application of the Juche idea in North Korea was the Five-Year Plan known as the Chollima Movement. The Five-Year Plan invo lved rapid economic development, with a focus on heavy industry. This is to ensure independence from the USSR and China. (Juche, 2006, para. 4) unless the reality of the Juche Idea is its economic program of self-reliance has resulted in economic dependence. North Korea has been an aid-dependent regime. From 1953 to1976 it depended considerably on Soviet industrial aid. The USSR remained North Koreas greatest economic benefactor until its 1991 collapse. It experienced a food crisis in the early part of its regime which later developed in to a famine. It has accepted aid from China, South Korea and the international community. In 2005, the country was the second largest recipient of international food aid. In 1998, Juche made pragmatic adaptations to capitalism. (Juche, 2006, para. 5)The state ideology has been an alternative to traditional religion. Juche have incorporated religious ideas into the state ideology. Juche is considered the largest political religion in North Korea. Pra ctice of all other religions is overseen and subject to heavy surveillance by the state. (Juche, 2006, para. 6)Improving Relationship with the SouthAfter the Korean War, North Korea developed a hard stance against the South. In the 1960s, an assassination team nearly succeeded in killing Park Chung Hee, the South Korean president at that time. In 1968, North Korean gun boats seized a US intelligence gathering watercraft and subjected its crew to extreme circumstances for a year. In 1969, a US reconnaissance plane was shot down. There were guerrilla raids launched against the South. These attacks made the South even more dedicated in renewing their defense measures and influenced the formation of a harder political order in South Korea. (North Korea, 2006)Through the 1970s and 1980s, there were efforts to refer the unification of the North and South Korea, but these efforts failed. In June 2000, the leaders of North and South Korea, hold to promote reconciliation and economic coope ration amidst the two countries. This was the first face-to-face meeting between the leaders of the two countries since the country was divided. (North Korea, 2006)The meeting of the leaders of these two countries led to the first cross-border visits of family members separated since the Korean War which was officially authorized by both states. The agreement also led to many favorable consequences for both countries. Trade and investment increase. There was a more relaxed armed services tension. It also partially reopened road and rail links severed by the Korean War. There was also a start of mail service between the two countries. (North Korea, 2006)During the opening ceremonies of the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia, the athletes from North Korea and South Korea paraded together under one flag, the neutral flag of the Korea Peninsula. But the athletes still competed by the piece in the different events. (North Korea, 2006)In October of 2000, Kim Dae Jung was aw arded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to bring about reconciliation between the two countries. (North Korea, 2006)South Korea, together with China, is instrumental in carry almost 1 billion dollars in aid and investment to North Korea. South Koreas help prevent the collapse of the North Korean economy (Fajola & Fan, 2006). However, new-fashioned political developments may trigger old hostilities in the region. The insistence of North Korea to develop and test thermonuclear weapons may bring war in Northeast Asia again (Fajola & Fan, 2006). South Korea, despite its own pressing need, offered to supply North Korea energy if it would cease the production of nuclear weapons (David 2006). There is still no news whether North Korea has accepted its offer.Politics and International RelationsBefore the Korean War, The Workers Party of Korea was established. Kim Il Sung emerged as the leader of North Korea. He enjoyed the military support of the USSR until the soviet troops withdrew in 1948. Under the Workers Party leadership, political and economic changes had been made.The egalitarian land reforms were enforced. There was a radical redistribution of land from the land owners to laborer and tenant farmers. The landless labor and tenant farmers supported these reforms. Because of these reforms, there was massive confiscation of land and wealth from the Japanese or to enemies of the regime. deflexion from the reforms, there was also party-directed economic planning and development. (North Korea 2006)Kim II Sung fought against the Japanese and, in 1949, welcome the war against South Korea. When North Korean forces crossed the dividing line to the South, the US joined the fighting with the approval of the UN. There was also a small contingent from Great Britain, Canada, Australia, and Turkey to help with the Americans. USSR, an ally of North Korea refused to vote during the deliberations in the UN. In October 1950, China supported North Korea in the War. When c ease fire was finally agreed upon, thousands of lives where lost on both sides. Millions worth of bag were also destroyed, particularly in the North which experienced massive bombing operations from the US. (North Korea 2006).In the political front, North Korean leadership began to veer outside(a) from USSR influenced. The intensifying conflict between China and the USSR, allowed North Korea even more independent action. (North Korea, 2006)North Korea actions after the Korean War seemed to be geared towards building of nuclear might. When both North and South Korea joined the UN in 1991, they signed agreements regarding nuclear and conventional arms control and reconciliation. In 1992, North Korea signed an agreement allowing the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to inspect the countrys nuclear facilities. In 1993 the North Korean government refused the inspection of nuclear uncivilised sites which is believed to contain undeclared nuclear material for nuclear weapons. Th is resistance continued until the first half of 1994. (North Korea, 2006)South Korea suspended its formal acceptance of the 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) which it signed in 1985. In 1993, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) suspected North Korea of building at least one atomic weapon from plutonium extracted from fuel rods at a nuclear power plant. (North Korea, 2006)In 1994, the US and North Korea reached an agreement called Agreed Framework. In this agreement, North Korea will suspend the operation of designated nuclear facilities capable of producing and reprocessing superior plutonium and allow IAEA inspectors to verify the suspension. The agreement called for annual deliveries of heavy fuel oil to North Korea. The U.S. agreed to take steps to end economic sanctions against North Korea, sanctions in placed since the Korean War. (North Korea, 2006)The 1994 Agreed Framework is also a step towards normal diplomatic transaction between the US and North Korea. North Korea agreed to suspend operation of the nuclear facilities in return for two new reactors that will be built by US, South Korea and Japan. In 1995, the construction of the two reactors started. In 2002, US abrogated the agreement. It charged North Korea of violating the agreement by initiating a secret weapons-grade uranium-enrichment program. North Korea denied that it had such a program. Because the US abrogated in 2002, North Korea resumed plutonium production. In February 2005, it issued a statement that it was now a nuclear weapons state. (North Korea, 2006)While relations between the two Koreas are improving, the relations between the US and North Korea became even more strained because of the issue of nuclear weapons. The US had placed North Korea on a list of countries supporting terrorism and had characterized North Korea as being part of an axis of evil. China attempted to act as a mediator between North Korea and the US, but the US refused to m eet in one-on-one negotiations. To compromise, China fashioned a series of negotiations which would take place among China, Japan, Russia, North Korea, South Korea, and the US. The talks were held in Beijing, China. (North Korea, 2006)Without reaching an agreement, the six-party talks recessed in early August 2005. When the talks resumed in September 2005, North Korea promise to abandon all nuclear weapons and programs in exchange for economic aid and security guarantees. The talks stalled. Early of July 2006 North Korea launched seven test missiles, including a long Taepodong-2 missile, which fell into the Sea of Japan. Even if the test were considered successful, these raised tensions in the area. Concerned international community, through the UN Security Council, called for economic sanctions against North Korea. (North Korea, 2006)The 2006 Nuclear TestingAnalysts are saying that North Koreas gaining bragging rights as a nuclear power may have political and economic fallout. Ma ny fears that the nuclear tests being done by North Korea can trigger instability in Northeast Asia. China, which had been a supporter of North Korea, is reconsidering its support for the Kim Jong II. China, with the help of South Korea, had apt(p) billions of dollars in aid and investment to North Korea.Both countries helped prevent the collapse of the economy for fear that such will send refugees pouring into their own borders. An Asia propagation Online writer said that South Korea offered to supply North Koreas energy needs if the latter will abandon its nuclear arms. Chinas strange minister, Li Zhaoxing expressed the Chinese government opposition to the nuclear test. (Fajola and Fan, 2006)Because of the tests, South Korea stopped the delivery of emergency assistance to help the North deal with recent floods. President Roh Moo Hyun said, The South Korean government at this point cannot continue to say that this engagement policy sunshine policy is effective. Ultimately, it is not something we should give up on, but objectively speaking, the situation has changed. Being patient and accepting whatever North Korea does is no longer acceptable, (qtd. in Fajola and Fan, 2006, para. 7).Analysts say that the shift in position of China or South Korea is partly based on the possible reaction of Japan, the nation most threatened by North Koreas ballistic missiles. A nuclear-armed North Korea could lead Japan arm itself more aggressively. A U.S. congressional report may lead Japan, South Korea and Taiwan to develop their own nuclear weapons. It would start an arms race in the region and feed regional disputes. (Fajola and Fan, 2006)Japan has already said that it would impose harder measures against North Korea. The measures can include a ban on the remittances sent home by North Koreans working in Japan. (Fajola and Fan, 2006)Another motivation for Chinas position is its failed attempt to middle(a) between US and North Korea in the series of negotiations in Beiji ng. To save face and to meet international pressure, China may impose tougher economic sanctions and tighten aid to North Korea to force the latter to stop production and testing of its missiles. (Fajola and Fan, 2006)Seung Joo Baek, an analyst from the Seoul-based Korea Institute for Defense Analyses also saidNorth Koreas heart is that no matter how hard South Korea, Japan, the United States gang up on them, they wont budge. They want to be recognized as a nuclear power. They are assuming that it is the only thing that will keep them safe. We will have to wait and see if they are right. (qtd. in Fajola & Fan, 2006, conclusion)ReferencesKorean War. (2006). In Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved November30,2006, from Encyclopdia Britannica Online http//www.britannica.com/eb/article-9046072.Korean War (2006). In Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved November30,2006 from http//encarta.msn.com.North Korea (2006). In Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved N ovember30,2006 from http//encarta.msn.com.Nguyen, D. South Korea Enters the Great Game. May 13, 2006. Retrieved November30,2006 from http//www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/HJ10Dg02.html.Juche (2006). In Wikipedia 2006. Retrieved November30,2006 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JucheFajola, A. & Fan M. North Koreas policy-making and Economic Gamble. October 10, 2006. Retrieved November30,2006 from http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/08/AR2006100801169_2.html